Late medieval europe2/27/2024 1000/1200 AD), and from medieval to post-medieval and early modern times (1700). The authors of the 36 papers focus in particular on transmissions and transformations in a longue durée perspective, such as from early medieval times (c. Changes, alterations and modifications may affect how land was worked, how it was organized, and the nature of buildings and rural complexes (homesteads, work buildings, villages, monasteries, towns and landscapes). These innovations, transmissions and transformations had profound spatial, economic and social impacts on the environments, landscapes and habitats evident at micro-, meso- and macro-levels. We need to consider the impact of politics and warfare. We should also note changes in ideology within society and even between principal groups, such as secular and ecclesiastical bodies. Equally, they might be from technological developments in industry and manufacturing affecting traditional forms of production. They might be produced by economic changes in the agrarian economy such as crop- or stock-breeding or better agricultural husbandry systems with the resultant greater harvests. Others came from endogamous processes, such as demographic change and the resulting alterations in demographic pressure. Some of the catalysts for change were exogenous and lay in natural transformations, such as climate change or plant and animal diseases. Change has always affected human society. The idea that the past was an era with long periods of little or no change is almost certainly false.
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